What causes the difference in behavior when selecting multiple elements in CSS?

My attempt to create a responsive menu resulted in unexpected outcomes when selecting specific elements. For instance, choosing "nav ul li" for list styles at the default size and using "ul li" for the breakpoint did not produce the desired effect.

The issue was resolved by opting for "ul li" for both the default size and the breakpoint. However, I'm puzzled as to why this fixed the problem, given that I believed selecting "nav ul li" and "ul li" would yield the same result. Can someone provide insight into this?

nav {
  width: 100%;
  background-color: darkblue;
}

ul {
  width: 80%;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 0;
}

nav ul li {
  list-style-type: none;
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 20px;
}

ul li:hover {
  background-color: orange;
}

ul li a {
  color: #ffffff;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.toggle {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 10px 20px;
  background-color: #001f44;
  text-align: right;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  color: #ffffff;
  font-size: 30px;
  /* to hide toggle */
  display: none;
}


/* Break Point for the toggle */

@media screen and (max-width:768px) {
  .toggle {
    display: block;
  }
  ul {
    width: 100%;
  }
  ul li {
    display: block;
    text-align: center;
  }
}
<div class="toggle">
  <i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</div>
<nav>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#">Home</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">About</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">Portfolio</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">Resume</a></li>
  </ul>
</nav>

Answer №1

Encountering specificity issues is a common problem in CSS. When two different rules target the same element with the same attributes, the rule with the more specific selector takes precedence and overrides the less specific rule.

If you want to learn more about CSS specificity, check out this link: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Specificity

nav ul li {/* more specific rule wins */
  color: blue; 
}

ul li {
  color: red;
}
<nav>
  <ul>
    <li>The first list example</li>
  </ul>
</nav>

<nav>
  <ul>
    <li>The second list example</li>
  </ul>
</nav>

Answer №2

It appears that the issue lies in not properly overriding your selection within the media query.

For example, consider the following:

CSS:

p a{
color: red
}

@media screen and (max-width:768px) {
  a {
    color: blue;
  }
}

HTML:

<p> <a>Some Url </a> </p>

The problem arises when the media query is not specific enough to override the initial selection.

In CSS, specificity determines priority of styles. The more specific selector takes precedence.

For instance, p a { some style} is more specific than a {some style}, so the former will be applied.

In your case, ul li is less specific than nav ul li, resulting in the media query not being able to override the style.

I hope this explanation clarifies things for you.

Visit w3schools.com for more information on CSS selection rules.

Answer №3

While CSS may seem easy to start writing, it becomes quite challenging to maintain in the long run.

To simplify maintenance and avoid conflicts in specificity, one effective approach is using BEM (Block, Element, Modifier). This method involves assigning a class to each element that clearly defines its role as:

  • a Block
  • a Block Element
  • a Modified Block
  • a Modified Block Element

For example:

<nav class="navigation">
  <ul class="navigation__list">
    <li class="navigation__list-item">The first list example</li>
  </ul>
</nav>

<nav class="navigation">
  <ul class="navigation__list">
    <li class="navigation__list-item">The second list example</li>
  </ul>
</nav>

This practice can help eliminate specificity conflicts altogether.


Please note:

BEM is just one way to structure CSS. Other methodologies like OOCSS and SMACSS also aim to simplify maintenance and extension of styles.

You can find numerous blog posts and tutorials online discussing these different approaches to writing CSS over the years.

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