Would it be acceptable to place the <link> to a CSS file outside of the <head/> tag, maybe in the footer section?
What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of doing this?
I am considering this because I have a CSS file that only contains some CSS3 animations for my website, and I believe moving it to the end of the HTML could improve performance...
Thank you
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are typically linked in the <head> of an HTML document. This allows the browser to apply styles to the content as it loads, resulting in a smoother rendering process. Placing CSS at the bottom of the document forces the browser to reapply styles and redraw the entire page, leading to slower loading times and a less visually appealing experience.
In contrast, JavaScript files included in a document will block the loading process until they are fully executed. As a best practice, scripts should be placed at the end of the document to minimize any delays in loading content.
The regulations set by W3 state that <link> tags should only be placed within the <head> section:
For HTML 4.01: http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/links.html#edef-LINK
For HTML5: http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/document-metadata.html#the-link-element
In 2013, if a link tag was included in the body of an HTML document, it would not pass validation on validate.w3.org based on HTML 4.01 rules.
(Experiment with HTML 4.01 versus HTML 5.0 validation at )
Initially, the HTML 5.0 specification seemed to indicate that link elements should only exist in the head section. However, validation using an HTML 5.0 validator shows documents as acceptable even with a link in flow content.
An explanation for this inconsistency could be found below.
Referring to the MDN documentation for the link entry (MDN Link entry), it is revealed that if the link element contains an itemprop attribute, it can be placed in flow and phrasing content, including the body.
This might clarify why HTML 5.0 validators do not raise any alerts even without the presence of the itemprop attribute.
The itemprop is linked to the microdata standard and is relatively recent (learn about HTML Microdata) making it worth exploring.
Currently, incorporating a link to a stylesheet within the body is possible, although the benefits are unclear.
Although this conversation is dated, it's important to mention that Google Pagespeed Insights currently suggests deferring the loading of substantial CSS files until they are below the fold in order to prevent them from hindering the loading of HTML.
Absolutely, according to the HTML5 specifications, it is entirely acceptable to place a link element within the body element. The decision of whether this is advantageous or detrimental relies on the content you are linking to. If displaying the linked content immediately is not vital for the initial view of your website, then delaying its loading could be deemed as a beneficial strategy.
The WHATWG HTML Standard actually permits the use of <link> within the body in a variety of specified scenarios, as detailed here.
In terms of the practicality of placing <link> before the closing </body> tag, I recently employed this technique to preload large images in a gallery:
<link rel="preload" href="images/big/01.jpg" as="image">
This allowed users to click on thumbnails without having to wait for the server response, since the image had already been preloaded into the browser cache.
It's important to include the <!DOCTYPE html> declaration before adding any <link> tags in your HTML document. Neglecting to do so could potentially result in webpage malfunctions based on previous encounters.
Like all aspects of software development, things are constantly evolving. It is now recommended to include CSS in the body of the document, as shown below:
<head>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Use HTTP/2 to push this resource, or inline it for faster loading -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/site-header.css">
<header>…</header>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/article.css">
<main>…</main>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/comment.css">
<section class="comments">…</section>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/about-me.css">
<section class="about-me">…</section>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/site-footer.css">
<footer>…</footer>
</body>
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