Even though you inquired about jquery, it is possible to achieve the desired outcome without using it.
// Locate all elements with style tags containing 'padding'.
const styled = document.querySelectorAll("td[style*='padding']");
For more information on selectors.
// Iterate through the identified nodes and apply different styles.
styled.forEach(s => s.style.setProperty("padding-top", "2.5em"));
// HTML content
// Here is the HTML structure where I tested the above code
<table id="table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid 1px;">Message</td>
<td style="border: solid 1px;">Target</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 5px; border: solid 1px;">Hello</td>
<td style="border: solid 1px;">World</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>